Decorators in python are very powerful, but are often a pain to get right, especially when you want to pass arguments to the decorator. Typically, it involves defining a function in a function in a function, etc, up to 4 layers deep. Can we make it easier? What if we even made a decorator to make decorators?
Perhaps we could use it catch and log errors:
@decorator def log_error(func, *args, **kargs): try: return func(*args, **kargs) except Exception, error: print "error occurred: %r" % error @log_error def blowup(): raise Exception("blew up") blowup() # this gets caught and prints the error
Or maybe we'd like to synchronize a function to make it thread-safe:
@decorator def synchronized(lock, func, *args, **kargs): lock.acquire() try: return func(self, *args, **kargs) finally: lock.release() missle_lock = thread.RLock() @synchronized(missle_lock) def launch_missiles(): pass
Or we could even use arguments to do do some object __init__ trickery (something I've had to do when working with wxpython):
@decorator def inherits_format(method, *args, **kargs): self, parent = args[:2] self.format = parent.format return method(*args, **kargs) class Child: @inherits_format def __init__(self, parent): pass class Parent: def __init__(self, format): self.format = format format = object() child = Child(Parent(format)) assert child.format is format
If you've never worked python decorators, these are few examples of how powerful they are. But you'll probably never want to write your own because it can be a pain. If that's the case, then the decorator decorator is for you! Here's the code for it. It's a little tricky, but all you have to do is import it, slap @decorator before your decorator, make sure you call func(*args, **kargs), and you're all set. This is as easy as decorators can get.
Update: Dave left a comment and notified me that there is another, much more complete, implementation of the same idea at http://www.phyast.pitt.edu/~micheles/python/documentation.html. So, if you want a very complete module, go there. If you want something small and simple to cut and paste into your own code, use the following.
def decorator(decorator_func): decorator_expected_arg_count = decorator_func.func_code.co_argcount - 1 if decorator_expected_arg_count: def decorator_maker(*decorator_args): assert len(decorator_args) == decorator_expected_arg_count, "%s expects %d args" % (decorator_func.__name__, decorator_expected_arg_count) def _decorator(func): assert callable(func), "Decorator not given a function. Did you forget to give %r arguments?" % (decorator_func.__name__) def decorated_func(*args, **kargs): full_args = decorator_args + (func,) + args return decorator_func(*full_args, **kargs) decorated_func.__name__ = func.__name__ return decorated_func return _decorator return decorator_maker else: def _decorator(func): def decorated_func(*args, **kargs): return decorator_func(func, *args, **kargs) decorated_func.__name__ = func.__name__ return decorated_func return _decorator
Hi,
ReplyDeleteYou might also want to check out Michele Simionato's decorator module. It's more heavyweight but preserves signature, docstrings, and does some other neat tricks.
synchronised decorator example does not work.
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Dave, thanks for the heads up. I've never seen that module before, and it looks very complete and nice. It's not the first time I've written something and shared it only to find that someone else has done a better job :).
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