My last article was about how you can do monads in python with nice syntax. Now I'd like to present nice monad syntax in Ruby. I'm not explaining what monads are or how you can use them. For now, I'm expecting you to be familiar with monads. If you aren't, go read a nice article on them.
Imagine you have a Monad base class like this:
class Monad def bind(func) raise "not implemented" end def self.unit(val) raise "not implemented" end # bind to block def bindb(&func) bind(func) end end
As an aside, Please excuse there being a "bind" and a "bindb". It's silly that Ruby differentiates between a block and Proc like that. I also think it's silly that I have to keep typing "lambda {|val| func(val)}" to turn a method into a Proc and "proc.call(val)" to call a Proc. In python, methods, functions, and lambdas are all the same thing, and it's a lot easier to code with. In this sense, python is way better. But Ruby has really slick syntax for passing in the block, and python's lambda restrictions are annoying. Why can't we have the best of both? I guess then I'd need Scala or Perl6. End aside.
Let's implement the Either monad, which I call it Failable:
class Failable < Monad def initialize(value, success) @value = value @success = success end def bind(bindee) if @success bindee.call(@value) else self end end def self.unit(val) self.new(val, true) end def to_s if @success "Success(#{@value})" else "Failure(#{@value})" end end end def success(val) Failable.new(val, true) end def failure(val) Failable.new(val, false) end
Now we can write some code that safely handles divide by zero without using exceptions (actually, exceptions essentiatlly are the Either monad, but never mind that for now):
def fdiv(a, b) if b == 0 failure("cannot divide by zero") else success(a / b) end end def fdiv_with_binding(first_divisor) fdiv(2.0, first_divisor).bindb do |val1| fdiv(3.0, 1.0) .bindb do |val2| fdiv(val1, val2) .bindb do |val3| success(val3) end end end end puts fdiv_with_binding(1.0) puts fdiv_with_binding(0.0)
Which prints:
Success(0.666666666666667) Failure(cannot divide by zero)
But it's not very pretty. Luckily, ruby has callcc, which makes it very easy to define a function which I'll call "rbind" which can do this:
def fdiv_with_rbinding(first_divisor) with_monad Failable do val1 = rbind fdiv(2.0, first_divisor) val2 = rbind fdiv(3.0, 1.0) val3 = rbind fdiv(val1, val2) val3 end end def with_monad(monad_class, & block) begin val = block.call() if val.class == monad_class val else monad_class.unit(val) end rescue MonadEscape => escape escape.monad end end def rbind(monad) begin checked_callcc {|cc| monad.bind(cc)} rescue ContinuationUnused => unused raise MonadEscape.new(unused.result) end end class MonadEscape < RuntimeError attr :monad def initialize(monad) @monad = monad end end def checked_callcc(&with_cc) callcc do |cont| val = with_cc.call(lambda {|val| cont.call(val)}) raise ContinuationUnused.new(val) if cont val end end class ContinuationUnused < RuntimeError attr :result def initialize(result) @result = result end end
Ruby's block syntax makes it very nice to say "with_monad Monad do", which I like. But I don't really like seeing "= rbind". I'd really like it if we could override "<<" and read that as "=<<", but I think we're stuck with unary operators ("+", "-", "~", all of which look bad here) or words. At least we can choose our name, unlike in python where we have to use "yield". Does anyone have any idea for a better name?
Maybe "xx" would work:
def fdiv_with_rbinding(first_divisor) with_monad Failable do val1 =xx fdiv(2.0, first_divisor) val2 =xx fdiv(3.0, 1.0) val3 =xx fdiv(val1, val2) val3 end end
So there you have it. You can have nice monad syntax in Ruby using callcc. Unfortunately, I've read that not all implementations of Ruby have continuatoins, which means JRuby and IronRuby may be left out in the cold. Keep in mind that Ruby's "yield" syntax is NOT a true generator, which means that we can't use the same trick that we used in python. It's callcc or nothing.
Here's the complete code in case you want to cut and paste it:
############# Monad Base ############## class Monad def bind(func) raise "not implemented" end def self.unit(val) raise "not implemented" end # bind to block def bindb(&func) bind(func) end end def with_monad(monad_class, &block) begin val = block.call() if val.class == monad_class val else monad_class.unit(val) end rescue MonadEscape => escape escape.monad end end # "reverse" bind, or bind to the return value, or bind to the continuation def rbind(monad) begin mycallcc {|cc| monad.bind(cc)} rescue ContinuationUnused => unused raise MonadEscape.new(unused.result) end end class MonadEscape < RuntimeError attr :monad def initialize(monad) @monad = monad end end def mycallcc(&with_cc) used = false val = callcc do |cc| fake_cc = lambda do |val| used = true cc.call(val) end with_cc.call(fake_cc) end raise ContinuationUnused.new(val) unless used val end class ContinuationUnused < RuntimeError attr :result def initialize(result) @result = result end end ############# Failable Monad ################## class Failable < Monad def initialize(value, success) @value = value @success = success end def bind(bindee) if @success bindee.call(@value) else self end end def self.unit(val) self.new(val, true) end def to_s if @success "Success(#{@value})" else "Failure(#{@value})" end end end def success(val) Failable.new(val, true) end def failure(val) Failable.new(val, false) end ######## Failable Monad Example ########## def fdiv(a, b) if b == 0 failure("cannot divide by zero") else success(a / b) end end def with_failable_binding(first_divisor) fdiv(2.0, first_divisor).bindb { |val1| fdiv(3.0, 1.0) .bindb { |val2| fdiv(val1, val2) .bindb { |val3| success(val3) } } } end def xx(monad) rbind(monad) end def with_failable_rbinding(first_divisor) with_monad Failable do val1 =xx fdiv(2.0, first_divisor) val2 =xx fdiv(3.0, 1.0) val3 =xx fdiv(val1, val2) val3 end end puts with_failable_binding(1.0) puts with_failable_binding(0.0) puts with_failable_rbinding(1.0) puts with_failable_rbinding(0.0)
I think what I have the biggest problem is... what to do with this?
ReplyDeleteI plan to write another article (or maybe a few) explaining what you can do with monads, and thus this syntax. Explaining how this works was big enough for one article (actually, two, there was one for python as well).
ReplyDeleteI don't have a haskell background so I've no idea what monads might be useful for, but here's how to get around your bind/bindb thing.
ReplyDeletedef bind( proc = nil, &block )
actual_bind( proc || block )
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Peter: combinator parsing!
ReplyDeleteafaik there is a difference between blocks and functions. the difference has to do with scope. sry i have no link available.
ReplyDeleteMaybe the Superator gem would enable you to use <- as an operator instead of =xx?
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ReplyDeleteIt wouldn't have to be Scala or Perl6: see The Lord of the Lambdas to find out the alternative.
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ReplyDeleteThis is another great bit of code (after your "Pysec" parser) - very nice!
You very kindly agreed that Pysec could be used as public domain when I asked about it (in comments at bottom of that page - I'm the Andy there), so may I also include this Ruby parser in the public-domain collection of code that I'm putting together? (You will be credited and praised, that goes without saying...) Very many thanks for your time - bye for now!
- Andy
( Oh, and btw, is it possible for you to email your email address to me? That is so I can email you to ask/thank you in future, instead of doing so via comments... Mine is - andy dot elvey at paradise dot net dot nz ) Thanks!
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Hi Peter,
ReplyDeleteThere is now a ruby gem, Rumonade, that implements these ideas:
https://github.com/ms-ati/rumonade
If you give it a try, please let me know what you think of it in terms of correctness and (more importantly) usability.
In terms of implementation, in Rumonade the Monad mix-in requires that the host class implement self.unit and #bind, and it adds the rest. Array is adapted for it, and it adds an Option and Either class so far.
There is also the monadic gem https://github.com/pzol/monadic which implements the monads with inheritance.
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